The play is a dramatic exploration of duty, dreams, and the conflict between personal desires and state demands. It centers on a young, impulsive Prussian prince who, despite being a skilled commander, disobeys orders during a crucial battle, leading to an initially successful outcome but unexpected personal consequences. His actions result in him facing a death sentence for insubordination, provoking a deep examination of authority, military discipline, and individual will. As he grapples with his fate, the prince undergoes a transformation that questions the nature of honor and the cost of glory.

The play centers around the dual nature of the wealthy landowner, Mr. Puntila, who oscillates between a cruel and exploitative capitalist when sober and a generous, friendly man when drunk. His complex relationship with his shrewd chauffeur, Matti, serves as a vehicle to explore themes of class struggle, the contradictions within human nature, and the social dynamics of power. Throughout the narrative, Puntila's erratic behavior affects his daughter's marriage prospects and highlights the absurdities and injustices of the class system, while Matti's practical wisdom and cunning expose the farcical elements of his employer's actions, ultimately leading to a satirical examination of the societal norms of the time.